Effects of Financial Liberalization on the UK Essay

Effects of Financial Liberalization on the UK Essay INTRODUCTION TO THE LITERATURE The McKinnon and Shaw publication of what was dubbed â€Å"Financial Repression† in 1973, triggered off a global scholarly debate over financial liberalization and the widespread policy implications among governments in the developed world, and perhaps even most crucially for the developed countries. The lifting of restrictions on the global capital transactions did result into multiple growth and efficiency opportunities for the United Kingdom, opportunities that however, been tempered by the widespread financial instabilities that have destabilized global economies, with a growing magnitude. These difficulties are perhaps best evidenced by the recent global financial crisis that emanated from the US’s subprime mortgage market, as well as the 1997 Asian Financial crisis that had equally far-reaching financial and economic effects across the globe, Barrell Davies (2009). It is not readily possible to determine whether the changes have had a positive impact on the United Kingdom economy, without a closer examination of the impacts on the different sources of growth, as well as the destabilizing effects of the frequent crises on the financial sector and the economy. This paper reviews the existent literature in a bid to determine the varied effects of financial liberalization on the UK economy, and a limited extend on the economies of the Kingdom’s close trading partners, that has an effect on the bilateral and multilateral trade as well as on other sectors of the economy. EFFECTS OF FINANCIAL REBERALIZATION Financial Liberalization Growth Growing scholarly attention has been paid to identification of the financial liberalization on the expansion of the UK’s GDP. According to Arestis (2005), this increased scrutiny has largely been driven by the theoretical ambiguities surrounding the subject, with some literatures pointing to resultant effect of promoting risk diversification in the UK as well as across the world, coupled with increased economic specialization, which must necessarily spur growth and economic stability. In addition, economic liberalization is theoretically expected and has been empirically proven to boost efficiency in the allocation of capital, while at once promoting more efficient domestic financial systems that have increased the capacity of the UK economy, to better mobilize savings for investments. These benefits can however only be realized, without the economic distortions that are characteristic absence of financial restrictions. Empirical literature has equally not resolved the theoret ical ambiguity. A number of studies have established that effect on growth is limited if any at all, while Arestis Caner (2009), determined that the effect could well be detrimental. There is however, a convergence in the literature showing heterogeneous effects on the UK economy depending on the different times of the economy and the policies implemented by successive governments, as indeed across the world, depending on every country’s individual state of development, coupled with the policy and the institutional arrangements, Acemoglu, Aghion, Zillibotti (2010). As such, the effects of liberalization on the UK has been mixed, depending on the country’s fiscal and monetary policies at different times since financial liberalization, with the deepest reaching effects (whether negative or positive) being dependent on the government’s ability to effectively deal with the external pressures on the economy, Barrell Davies (2009). Most recent literatures that point to this possibility, have highlighted the recent financial crisis and the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies undertaken by the UK government, such as Bank of England’s b ase interest rate cuts among others, as perhaps the best examples of how the UK can make good or worse, the opportunities presented by liberalization. These ambiguities have effectively been addressed by various scholars separately, leading to the existence of different strands of literatures and bodies of knowledge, that address specific effects on not only the UK economy, but multiple other economies as well, Acemoglu, Aghion, Zillibotti (2010). Cobham (2004) sets out five different results of liberalization on the UK’s Total Factor Productivity (TFP) included the assertion that the effect is positive and pronounced on the TFP, but has a weaker effect on the total on the country’s investments, Barrell Davies (2009); Turne (2010). This is not least because it increases the ease and efficiency of financial intermediation in the UK, but perhaps most crucially, reduces the returns on local investmtns due to global competition, trade fluctuations as well as general economic instabilities. Secondly, the book asserts that finacial liberalization affects growth levels, implying a possible positive effect of the UK GDP, occassioned by liberalization both in the short run, and perhaps most crucially in the long term. The long term positive effect on the economy is perhaps the strongest recommendation for liberalization, which serves to militate against the limited number of economic stabilities that can be prevented, al beit with some difficulty, and if not, its effects can be comfortably be contained by the use of fiscal and monetary policies, Acemoglu, Aghion, Zillibotti (2010). The ease and importance of controlling the financial sector instabilities is emphasized by the lessons learnt from both the Asian and the subprime mortgage crises. An understanding of the nature of these crises, reveal that better management would have, will in the future, help avert the negative effects of financial liberalization, Turne (2010). Financial Liberalization The Banking Crisis The UK has experienced continued positive growth rates, close to the country’s historical average of 5.5% (since 1955) since the emergence of financial liberalization, coupled by minor instabilioties stemming from the banking crises. Arestis (2005) asserts that the increased regulation of the financial sector in Britain, complete with the projects that these industries engage into has the capacity to limit the effects of financial industry instabilities on the economy. This, according to Kentikelenis (2009), is in line with Gordon Brown’s nationalization of Northern Rock, coupled with even more stringent Bank of England’s controls of over the country’s financial sector, that have seen increased efficacy of both the monetary and fiscal policy initiatives by the UK governemnt, that have been instrumental in mitigating against the worst effects of the global economic crisis that stemmed from financial liberalization. Kentikelenis (2009) reviewed the literatur es on the subject, and assessed them against the empirical findings on the same, with the view of ascertaining the conclusions arrived at by Mckinnon Shaw. To establish this, the paper explored the link between savings and financial liberalization. The investigations revealed that the effects of deregulation were largely as predicted by theory i.e. (a) the link between the savings in the UK and financial liberation remains unclear, not least because far too many variables paly a crucial part depending on the political, social and economic circumstances in the country (b) liberation boost credit vailability, that eats into the UK domestic savings, but without a significant effect on the overall savings while (c) there is need for the UK to careful manage the implications of financial liberation, in order to minimize its effects and maximeze the gains attained as well as the potential, Turne (2010). The banking difficulties hurt the country’s productivity and capital accumulation, which can be minimized by economic diversification. It is the effect of, or through the banking crises that has drawn the firce opposition to financial liberalization from a section of scholars. The banking crisies and its effects on the economy in the UK have long been the subject of empirical and theoretical investigation, that have in turn yield a great majority of academic literature. These go as far back as Keynes’ Treatise on Money, which effectively asserted that the banking industry is a channel to fuel investments in an economy, that ultimately leads to the expansion of the economty, both in the short term as well as in the long run, Turne (2010). Keynesian economists believe in the role of the bakning sector in financing growth, despite their scepticism of the role of monetary policy as an engine for growth. The emergence of the endogenous growth literature and the assertion th at financial intermediation has a necessarily ositive impact on the economy’s expansion, in line with the assertions that run as far back as 1958, When Modigliani Miller, that while the ease of availability of financing helps economic growth, the finance industry is independent from the other industries in the UK and thus the difficulties with the finance industry, may only affect the finance industry. Acemoglu, Aghion, Zillibotti (2010), this view downplay the negative efffects of banking crises on the economy, instead blaming ill information and panic as the actual causes of the negative effects on growth. This view has been widely criticized. Acemoglu, Aghion, Zillibotti (2010) established that financial liberation and the effciecny implications have effectively relieved the risky innovations from the traditional constarants to accessing capital and financing, which effectively boosts both innovation, technological change and development. In addition, the article argues that deregulation fosters growth through it effect on increasign economic participation of the population, coupled with increased risk pooling. The analysis of the effects of banking crises and financial liberalization on the varied growth sources is associated with the literatures on the banking sector fragility. Some scholars have pointed to models that have multiple equilibria, with financial liberalization boosting the prices of assets, incomes and investments in countries, which serves to create income and wealth disparities, that are detrimental to growth. In Smith Searle (2007), attributes banking difficulties to excessive growth in countries that exibit many imperfections in the credit market, as perhaps best exemplified by the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Liberalization according to this strand of the literature, promotes credit accessibility, whiile at once increaseing the fragility of the industry. A study of more than nine countries indicated that liberation has had predictable, effects on the finacial markets of any individual country, but further asserts that the negative effects only last for a few years following the adoption of financial liberalization, while positive impacts follow in the later years. This view has been multiply been disproved by the negative effects that have been continually been suffered by countries in the successive global financial crashes. Finacial Liberalization Consumption Changes in consumption attracts greater investments in the economy, which combine through the multiplier mechanism to boost economic growth, which results into long term development. The ease of credit availability as pointed out in the review, have a positive impact on the economy. Barrell Davies (2009) reviews multiple empirical works in seven OECD countries, according to the life cycle theory, that makes planned consumption a function of non human as well as human capital stock in the economy, that in turn gives a helpful indication as to whether income and wealth changes affect the consumption expenditure. This relationship was used by Barrell Davies (2009) to formulate hypotheses that facilitated the study of the effects of financial liberalization on the economy. Other scholars did use the quarterly long-run consumption in different countnries, that established statistically considerable income and wealth effects on the levels of consumption. Barrell Davies (2009) adopted relationships founded on the cointegration vector that contained non stationary variables’ logs (income, net wealth measures and consumption), to obtain Log approximations to identify and measures the effects of the variables on one another. There are other branches of literature that are founded on the Euler Equation, that aggregate the maximum attainanb;le intertemporal consumption decisions of sampled consumers, who are assumed to exercise rational expectations. As such consumption decisions are made randon, albeit with discounting factors that serve as driving variables. These studies established that consumption can be easily be forecast, with the help of additional lagged variables, as a function of waelth and economic expansion, Smith Searle (2007). Given the positive impact on the economic expansion, it can be safely concluded that increased consumption and investments lead into further multiplier effects, that emphasize the effects of f inancial deregulation. An investigation by Barrell Davies (2009) revealed that real interest rate, wealth and income have an aggreagte negative effect on the United States, the United Knigdom, Canada, Sweden as well as Japan, effectively implying that financial liberalization leads to a decline in thr income and wealth gaps in the economy. On the other hand, according to the OECD, increased liquidity of assets and wealth, cpoupled with the reduction of multiple liquidity constraints results in increased, and amplified effects of short term asset values as well as increased exposure to the effects of real rates of interest, OECD (2009). There is a convergence in the literature, in line with the theoretical prediction that financial liberation, increased availability of credit and the ease with which assets may be liquidized, lead to an upward shift of the consumer spending behavior. Typically, this does involve fast adjustment in consumption to fit the expected long run levels consumption, Smith Searle (2007). As such, the economy’s marginal propensity of consuption will increase, beyond the ratio expected at the current level of growth and incomes, which will spur greater growth. Keynesian Neoclassical Economic Theories Neoclassical growth literatures welcome increased liquidity and availability of credit in economies, which accelerate growth and development, by making markets more efficient and complete; not least because these literatures are themselves founded on the assumption of perfectly competitive markets, which are devoid of government controls. The assumption provides that freely competitive markets neocessarily result into increased efficiency, provided that the markets have all the elements to render them complete, Smith Searle (2007). Complete markets are attained when, among others, markets are able make and complete contracts that relate the present and the future, while at once keeping the labor, commodity and services markets in tandem. It therefore follows that increased efficiency of the finacial markets, due to financial liberation,will effectively lead to an more efficient economic system, Arestis (2005). This is not lease because liquid and efficient futures markets for commodities allow producers and consumers to efficiently hedge the production risks, which allow then to more stably increase their output and consumption, Arestis (2005). In addition, efficient financial systems permit corporate debt issuers and investors continuosly attain and adapt to the optimal risk profiles. There are further benefits that did emerge in the ninties as a result of increased financioal liberalization across the world. These according to Turne (2010) and Arestis (2005) included (a) the possibility of investors selecting the cominations of liquidity, returns and risks that best suit their varied preferences, (b) increased options of intermediation between the demand and supply for financing, which allows investors and the market to more efficiently allocate capital resources and (c) increased financial innovation leads to a better attainment of more complete, thus efficient financial markets. The lo wer the level of regulations the more pronounced these benefits would be, which are made even more efficient by opennong up cross country, financial movements. Neoclassical literatures do however require regulation in order to minimize market imperfections, in order to attain perfect markets in all markets. Keynesian economic literatures on the other hand, recognize the need for regulation of not only the financial markets, but the entire economy, coupled with regular government interventions in order to kinimize market imperfections caused by the free operation of the market, as envisaged by the Neoclassical literatures. Turne (2010) asserts that liquidity of finacial markets is not necessarily a guarantee for allocative efficiency, led by rational expectations anticipated by Neoclasicals, but are limited by oother self reinforcing effects. Market speculation and uncertainity are on their own, able to create instabilities in the market, which would distort prices and lead to innefficiencies, Arestis (2005). As such, the effects of financial liberalization are acknowledged by both Keynesian and Neoclassical economic literature, but with the former schoolof thought being more sceptical about the benefits. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY There methodology adopted will seek to asses the effects of financial liberalization on the UK economy, by providing a measure fo the overall effect on the economy, but perhaps most crucially providing methodologies to assess the effects of financial liberation, on the channels through which it acts. These include its effects on (i) productivity, (ii) banking industry instabilities, (iii) capital accumulation and (v) consumption, as a selection of the major variables that in turn have far reaching effects on the UK economy, OECD (2009). There are multiple other variables that will not, and have not been covered in this literature, review, that have varied effects on the economy as a consequence of financial liberalization, that have not however, been included in this methodology section, due to wide variations. In addition, literature review has widely been used by many scholars, and it will as w ell provide an important research tool in the bid to establish the effects of financial liberalization on the UK economy. A review of the literature on the various aspects higlited in the above literature, with an emphasis on the banking industry, economic productivity and consumption among others will offer a great indication of the overall effects. However, the first measure will adopt the IMF method (0-1 indicator) to assess the existence and scale of economic liberalization in the United Kingdom, by reference to the IMF reports as a basis for further analysis of the effects of liberalization on the country’s economy, World Bank (2007). Financial Liberalization The research will employ two, 0-1 financial liberalization indicators thata are based on the de-iure criteria. One of the indicators will serve as a dummy, which will assume the value of 0 in the case the United Kingdom does have capital account restrictions on the transactions, during any year in the past decade. If not there were no restrictyions, then the indicator will assume the value of 1. This methodologyu is widely adopted by the Interneational Monetary Fund, which classifies countries on the 0-1 base, in its annual report on exchange arrangements and restrictions (AREAER). These annual reports are available for upwards of 212 IMF member nations, for the time period ranging from 1967 to 1996, effectively offering a common, and relaible liberalization measures, World Bank (2007). The initial indicator is coupled by a further measure that uses the liberalization of equity markets (Equity Market Liberalization), provided in multiple finacial liberalizationn literatures. The indi cator assumes the value of zero (0), if there are global equity trading in the United Kingdom and the value of one, if there are no global equity trading. The Equity market liberalization indicator, changes as soon as a country opts for financial market liberaliztion, and once it changes, it may not be reversed, as against the first measure, (Arestis Caner, Financial Liberalization and the Geography of Poverty, 2009). UK Capital Accummulation as a Result of Finacial Liberaization The study will come up with several measures of the country’s stocks of capital, by firstly estimating the UK’s initial capital stock K(i), by using the formula I(i)/(g+d), where the initial stock is estimated at the time when the country adopted liberalization. In the formula, I represents the level of investments during the initial period (the base period), while g represents the geometric rate of growth of investments in the UK, in the initial ten years, after the base period. The base period will be selceted at any time when the (0-1) indicators were both had the value of 0, while the final period shall be selected be 10 years after the initial period. The d is the rate of depreciation of various depreciable investments made in the UK, Barrell Davies (2009). Once the initial capital stock has been computed, it will be possiblt to compute the United Kingdom’s capital accumulation as a result of liberalization, it will be necessary to compute the level of capi tal stock in the UK by using the formula K(f)= (1-d)K(f) +I(f). For comparison purposes, and in order to minimize the effects of other factors on capital accumulation from clouding the results, the capital stock in the period of ten years from the initial period backwards will as well be computed. The rates of capital accumulation in the two separate ten year periods will then be assessed against each other. Effects on the UK Economic Productivity The research will seek to detetminer the TFP by using the Cobb Douglas function of production i.e. Y= AKJ(HL)1-j. K represents the United Kingdom’s total stock of capital, while the L represents the country’s stock of both human capital and labor. The function does as well have the efficiency factor, providing a an indicator of the country’s efficiency in the use of its productive factors. The differences in the efficiency coefficient (A) offers a great measure of measure of the level of efficiency in different economies, OECD (2009). The variable j is equal to 1/3, and is generally considered constant across all the economies. The research will seek to identify the average productivity of a worker in the UK and the ration o labor and capital. Once these are d etermined, the initial level of productivity will be computed by the use of the formula, where the initial period is given be the period (i) used in the computation of capital stock. The final period (f) is the time period, ten years following the initial period. Once again for comparison purposes, the time period, ten years befor the initial period of the study (i) will as well be computed. These will then be coupled with an assessment of the two rates of growth in the productvity of production factors, following the introduction of financial liberalization measures. Consumption Changes as a Result of Financial Deregulation Consumption spending is an important influence on the UK economy’s health and growth, which points to the increases incomes, ease of credit availability as well as multiple other factors. To determine the effects of finacial deregulation on the consumption behavior and levels in the United Kingdom. The method adopted for estimating these effects is derived from Barrell Davies (2009), which presumes that planned consumption is not by default not equal to the actual level of consumption. It then becomes possible to assess the long term relationship between between actual and desired levels of consumption in the future, followed by a computation of the correctionary factor betweent the actual and planned consumption. The UK economy’s consumption income may be distinguished from from the country’s real wealth in the future, by treating them differently, World Bank (2007). This may be attained by differently treating the tangible wealth changes from the changes in financial wealth. The Euler appraoch does as well enable the testing of the effects to the consumption behavior and the overall economy. Banking Crisis The classifications of different crises varies from economy and time period to another, but also according to the cause and magnitude, However, for the purposes of the study, the data in Caprio Klingebiel (2003), of non systemic and systemic banking difficulties for several decades beginning in the early seventies. In the absense of a banking crisis, the banking crisis indicator assumes the value of zero, while it assumes the value of 1 or 2, in the event of borderline or systemic difficulties in the country’s banking sector respectively. The indicators are taken every given year. Systemic banking problems occur when the country’s banking sector suffers the exhaustion of the entire capital (run on banks), as against much more mild, effects on the industry, such as the difficulties experieced by the industry, following the dry up of credit, at the onset of the 2007 global economic crisis, OECD (2009). The harsher the effects of banking the crises, the more difficult the negative impacts on the country’s economy are expected to be. Estimation of the Effects of Liberalization As indicated priorly, the effects of financial liberalization are complex, and affected by a multiplicity of factors. However, for the purposes of this study, the measures obtained from the consumption, capital stock accumulation, increased productivity and banking sector shocks will be assessed for correlations with not only the values prior to liberalization, but perhps must tellingly, with the economic perfomance growth figures over the same duration. Theoretically, the positive consumption growth, should be accompanied by increased productivity and output, with an inverse expansion of the banking crisis indicator. References List Acemoglu, D., Aghion, P., Zillibotti, F., 2010, Distance to Frontier Selection Economic Growth. Journal of European Economic Association. Arestis, P., June, 2005, Financial Liberalization and the Relationship between FInance and Growth. CEPP Working Paper Series No 5/05. Arestis, P., Caner, A., 2009, FInancial Liberalization and the Geography of Poverty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barrell, R., Davies, P., 2009, FInancial Liberalization, COnsumption and Wealth Effects in 7 OECD COuntries. NIESR DIscussion paper No 257. Caprio, G., Klingebiel, D., 2003, Episodes of Systemic Borderline Financial Crisis. Mimeo. Cobham, D. P., 2004, The making of monetary policy in the UK, 1975-2000. London: John Wiley Sons. Kentikelenis, A. E., 2009, Assessing the Link between Financial Liberalization and Saving. ESDS International Case Study. OECD., 2009, Main Economic Indicators . Manchester: ESDS International, University of Manchester. Smith, S. J., Searle, B., 2007, The Blackwell Companion to the Economics of Housing: The Housing Wealth of Nations. London: John Wiley Sons. Turne, A., 2010, Feb 12, After the crises: assessing the costs and benefits of financial liberalisation. Retrieved November 24, 2011, from FSA: http://www.fsa.gov.uk/pages/Library/Communication/Speeches/2010/0215_at.shtml World Bank., 2007, August 18, FInance for All? The Pitfalls of Expanding Access. World Bank Policy Research Report.

Comparison Of Flight And The Masquerade Of The Red Death

In the story â€Å"Flight† by John Steinbeck and â€Å"The Masquerade Of The Red Death† by Edgar Allen Poe, both protagonists meet a similar fate. In â€Å"Flight†, the main character named Pepe, of mexican descent, is described as a lazy kid at the age of 19. His mother sends him to Monterey to get medicine and bath salts. In town, pepe gets insulted by a white man, and kills him with his fathers knife. His vision of being a man was taking someones life. He is hunted down by men seeking revenge for the man who he kills. In â€Å"The Masquerade Of The Red Death†, A self absorbed and obnoxious prince invites people to his impenetrable castle to avoid the plague. He and his guests are soon tracked down by the disease itself. Both Protagonists are hunted down†¦show more content†¦Throughout Pepes journey to Monterey and to the mountains to seek shelter, Steinbeck changes the environment along with Pepes physical traits. At the beginning of the story, Pepes mouth is described as sweet and shaped like a girls mouth. Pepe draws many resemblances of being a child in the beginning, whereas at his death scene, his mouth is dirty and bloody; â€Å"Between his lips the tip of his black tongue showed† (129). Steinbeck also uses the color black to foreshadow Pepes upcoming death. Steinbecks use of imagery in the story shows how the environment is changing as well as Pepe himself to his inevitable death. Steinbeck masterfully creates a constantly moving environment as well as flowing characters to relate to the common theme of confronting death. In the story â€Å"The Masquerade Of The Red Death†, Edgar Allen Poe describes how gruesome the red death is. For example, There were sharp pains, and sudden dizziness, and then profuse bleeding at the pores, with dissolution. 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Modern Psychology Essay Example For Students

Modern Psychology Essay Jerry, Jerry, Jerry Everyday, this chant is heard by millions of people watching the now infamous talk show, Jerry Springer. Even though just a few years ago, most people regarded these shows as ridiculous, now this chant is recognized and adored by many people in society. The most parsimonious explanation for this is that the shows now have more interesting and captivating topics. The premise of most episodes of these shows has changed greatly over the past few years; The topics have moved away from large scale social issues, like homosexuality and cancer, to relationship and familial issues, like adultery and mothers who are too flirtatious with their daughters boyfriends. Many people would argue that the issues being presented now are not as interesting or captivating as the older issues. However, after watching an old episode and a new episode, most people agree that the emotions displayed by the guests in the newer shows are more visible, with actions such as onstage yelling and fighting. The general emotional content of the episodes has changed from sadness to anger. From a psychological standpoint, there are many influences that cause extreme anger to be displayed by the guests on talk shows. Imagine being a guest on the Jerry Springer show, as you walk onto the stage you see the large audience chanting those infamous words. You sit down next to your fiance not knowing what to expect, you are nervous and anxious. Finally, Jerry says those terrible words, So, dont you have something to tell your fianc? She turns to you, looks into your eyes and says, Remember about a month ago when I disappeared at that party at your house?Well, that night your brother and me left the party early. Im sorry, I have been sleeping with your brother for the past month. Suddenly, the anxiousness that you experienced is gone and replaced by anger, intense anger. You turn to Jerry as he asks you, Wow, she has been cheating with your brother, how does this make you feel? Your anger only gets more intense, you ramble to your ex-fiance and ask her how she could do such a thing. Again, Jerry interrupts the moment and yells into the microphone, Alright lets get the brother out here! As you see your br other walk through the door, you again hear that irritating chant echoing through the crowd. You jump to your feet and go after your brother, within seconds you are pulled away by security guards and forced to return to this humiliating situation. Soon enough, you are too angry to talk, you simply scream obscenities at your brother and ex-fiance. It seems like every word Jerry says makes you angrier and angrier, and all the while Jerry Springers ratings are soaring through the roof. There are many psychological explanations for this increasing anger experienced by the guests on a talk show. It is a well-known psychological observation that questions can be phrased in different ways eliciting different responses. A study conducted by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman displayed that the same question phrased in two different ways to the same person can receive two different results. Interviews or surveys often use this framing effect to try to get the response that is more favorable fo r the interviewer or surveyor. Based on this discovery, it is reasonable to assume that the framing of a question can also affect the emotional response that is elicited by the subject. Knowing that there is a strong correlation between the anger of his guests and the ratings he receives, Jerry Springer can use this framing effect to his advantage. By framing questions in a certain way, Jerry can intensify the anger of his guests. Often, when Jerry asks a question to his guests, he tends to include words with strong negative connotations. For instance, in a topic like the one presented above, Jerry tries to use words like cheating, sneaking and lying. Jerry also phrases the question in such a way to evoke anger in his guests. He typically asks questions like, Can you believe that your fiance and your brother would go behind your back like that? The question is framed in such a way that any answer given to it would evoke or intensify anger. A no answer increases the feeling of surpri se and causes the guest to think to himself, How could they do such a thing? A yes answer could mean that the guest may have noticed something going on between his fiance and brother before the show. Yet, it is more likely that the guest has fallen prey to hindsight bias. .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 , .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 .postImageUrl , .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 , .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79:hover , .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79:visited , .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79:active { border:0!important; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79:active , .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79 .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua282587a6e3537512353077fdf86de79:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Marc Antony is a Round Character EssayHindsight bias is the inclination to remember things in a certain way based on information obtained later. So, in this situation the guest, now knowing that his fiance is cheating, will remember anything that seemed awkward in the weeks approaching the show. Although these moments may not have been very common, they will now stick out in the guests mind. The guest will tend to recreate many of his memories of the past few months based on this new information. He may interpret common events with no major emotional value as strong signs of his fiances cheating. As he thinks about these memories, his anger towards the situation will i ncrease greatly. Jerry is able to cause a great increase in the anger felt by the guest by framing the question in a certain way. Besides Jerrys questions, though, many factors influence the emotional content of the show. When a guest enters the stage, there are hundreds of people looking down chanting and cheering. When placed in such situations, in front of large crowds, people tend to feel nervous. Their heart rate, breathing rate and production of sweat all increase due to the reaction of the sympathetic nervous system. Based on the Schachter and Singer theory of emotion, this helps to explain why the emotions displayed in the shows are so intense. Schachter and Singer believed that the intensity of emotions are determined by the intensity of the physiological state, but the emotion itself is determined by the situation. As explained earlier, the situation that the guests are put in is definitely an angering situation. Therefore, when the guests are placed into the angering situation, their sympathetic nervous system has already been aroused and the intensity of the anger is much stronger than it would have been otherwise. The participation of the audience, with shouts and cheers, tends to increas e the intensity of the anger even more. So, these guests are manipulated psychologically to deal with difficult situations with even more anger than they would display normally. To make matters worse, when the guests try to fight they are torn apart by security guards. Yet, they have enough time to activate a fight response; their sympathetic nervous system is aroused greatly, releasing a great deal of adrenaline causing an even greater increase in heart rate and breathing rate. This intensifies their emotions in multiple ways. First of all, the physiological state is further intensified, corresponding to even stronger emotions of anger. Yet, along with this, there seems to be a great deal of frustration evoked in the guest. Based on the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration causes aggression. In other words, failure to obtain something causes raised aggression. In the case of the guests, their failure to get revenge or resolve out of the issue causes an even greater feelin g of outrage. All of these factors cause the guests on the Jerry Springer Show to elicit strong emotions of anger and violence. Although the talk show was created as a way for people to share their problems with society and try to resolve them in a group situation, now it has become simply a quest for more money. The Jerry Springer Show simply causes more anger and disappointment in situations that are already very difficult for people to deal with. Many psychological influences affect the guests on talk shows into becoming much more angry than necessary. Rather than solving any of the problems discussed, shows like Jerry Springer tend to create a great deal of tension. Jerry is able to manipulate his guests into intense anger; since the general population would rather watch anger and violence, rather than peaceful resolve, the Jerry Springer Show is greatly benefiting from the strong psychological influences on the guests. Bibliography:

Purpose Of Constituting Term The Contract â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Whether Gluten Free Cake Is The Implied Term In The Contract Between Dan And Jacob With Mikaela? Term Related To The Icing Color Is The Condition Or Warranty To The Contract? Whether Mikaela Is Responsible For The Wrong Icing On The Cake? Answers: Introdcation Generally, rights and liabilities of the parties to the contract are considered by the terms of the contract. Terms are divided into two parts that are express terms and implied terms. Express terms are those terms which are stated by the parties either in written form or in oral form. For the purpose of constituting the term of the contract, it is necessary that statement made by the party must intend to be promissory in nature. Court considered the element intention to create legal relation, and in this context intention is determined on objective basis. In other words, whether though made by the reasonable person was intended in those situations (ACL, 2017)? This can be understood through case law Ellul and Ellul v Oakes. In this case, Court stated that if representation was made by one party under the contract for the purpose of inducing the other party to enter into contract and actually induced the other party to enter into contract, then it was considered as prima facie evidence for treating that representation as the term of the contract. Therefore, if any representation made by one party induces the other party to enter into contract and parties has intention to create legal relations then such representation is considered as term of the contract. In the present case, Mikaela specifically asked about the gluten free almond flour, and Ricky replied yes to her. In this both the parties has intention to create legal relations and representation made by Ricky induce the Mikaela to enter into contract. Therefore, Gluten free almond flour can be considered as term of contract. Implied terms are considered as those terms which are implied by law in the contract, but these terms are not discussed by the parties or referred in the contract. These terms are generally implied by common law or by statute. Common law implied the terms on the basis of actual and presumed intention of the parties under the contract, and such terms generally give business efficacy to the contract which may be result from the transactions between the parties. This can be understood through case law Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW (1982) 149 CLR 337. In this case, Justice Mason stated that those conditions on the basis of which term can be implied in the contract are defined under BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Hastings Shire Council [1977] HCA 40. These conditions are stated below: Terms must be reasonable and equitable in nature. It is necessary that term provided business efficacy to the contract, and it must be noted that term is not implied in the contract if contract is effective in nature even without that term. Term must be so obvious in nature that it must be understood without saying. Term must be capable of clear expression. Term must not violate any express term of the contract. Usually, Court compare the implication of term with the rectification of the contract, and stated that in both the cases issue raised because of the deficiency of expression on the part of the parties in the contract. In other words, parties omit to include the term in the contract. The difference between implication and rectification is that in rectification parties omit to include the term and when term is included then it was actually agreed between the parties. In case of implication it is presumed that parties are already agreed upon the terms in their mind, which means that term on which parties are already agreed upon. Therefore, rectification give effect to the actual intention of the parties but implication gives effect to the presumed intention (Austlii, n.d.). In the present case, Dan and Jacob do not specifically ask about the gluten free cake, but they asked for almond flour. In this case, Condition stated in above case law is satisfied in this case: Term related to gluten free cake is not reasonable, and this term is not necessary for business efficacy to the contract because it is possible to make the cake with gluten free cake also. Term is not obvious in nature because Dan asks for almond flour but not for gluten free almond flour. Dan does not give any clear expression of gluten free almond cake. Therefore, term is not capable of clear expression. It must be noted that there is no presumed intention on the part of the Mikaela for gluten free almond flour. More important terms related to the contract are considered as condition and less important terms are considered as warranty. It must be noted that conditions are very important for the contract that without that term party would not enter into the contract. For the purpose of determining the condition or warranty court considers the circumstances of the case. Breach of condition allowed the innocent party to terminate the contract. This can be understood through case law Poussard v Spiers (1876) 1 QBD 410 (ACL, n.d.). In the present case, term related to color is considered as condition because Kimiko wants that cake for sports team celebration, and green icing is not appropriate for that celebration. Kimiko would not enter into the contract if Mikaela said no for the purple icing. Therefore, this term can be treated as the most important term and classified as condition of the contract. Conclusion: Exclusion clauses are those clauses which are usually stated in the contract and exclude the liability of one party under the contract in case of certain happenings. This can be understood through example, when person join the gym then generally contract states that owner of the gym will not be responsible for the injury caused to person while exercising. Exclusion clauses are valid only when these clauses are properly included in the contract. In other words, exclusion clauses are those terms of the contract which limit or exclude the liability of one party, and these clauses are generally effective if properly drafted. There are some laws which prevent the party to rely on exclusion clauses, especially in case of consumer contracts (ACL, n.d.). It must be noted that, it is not possible for parties to exclude the liability related to the conditions and warranties under the contract, and those rights and remedies which are stated by the Australian Consumer Law. Section 64 A of the Schedule 2 Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) states that it is not possible to exclude the consumer guarantee. In case person exclude the liability related to any term which is considered as condition or warranty of the contract then such exclusion clause will considered as void This can be understood through case law Glynn v Margetson [1893] AC 351. In this case, Court stated that carriers agreed to carry the oranges from Liverpool for the purpose of allowing the ship to call at any port in Europe or Africa. When ship arrived in Liverpool, it was found that oranges were already destroyed. Defendants try to depend on exclusion clause, but Court stated that main purpose of the contract is to deliver the goods safely to the ship, and it is not possible for defendants to rely on any clause which exclude the liability for the main purpose of the contract. In the present case, the main purpose of the contract is to deliver the cake with Blue and purple icing, but Mikaela deliver cake with blue and green icing which is considered as breach of condition. As per section 64 of the ACL it is not possible for parties to exclude the liability related to the conditions and warranties under the contract, and those rights and remedies which are stated by the Australian Consumer Law. In above stated case, Court stated that it is not possible for defendants to rely on any clause which exclude the liability for the main purpose of the contract, and in this case main purpose of the contract is to deliver cake for sport celebration. Therefore, Mikaela cannot rely on exclusion clause in this case.In this case, Mikaela cannot rely on exclusion clause and Kimiko can sue her for breach of contract. References: ACL, (2017). Terms of a contract. Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/scope-terms.html. Accessed on 22nd August 2017. ACL. Classification. Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/scope-classification.html. Accessed on 22nd August 2017. ACL. Exclusion Clauses. Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/scope-exclusion.html. Accessed on 22nd August 2017. Austlii. Implied terms in Australian contract law. Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MonashULawRw/2011/22.pdf. Accessed on 22nd August 2017. BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Hastings Shire Council [1977] HCA 40. Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW (1982) 149 CLR 337. Ellul and Ellul v Oakes, (1972) 3 SASR 377, Supreme Court of South Australia. Glynn v Margetson [1893] AC 351. Poussard v Spiers (1876) 1 QBD 410.

Martha Graham’s Influence in Modern Dance free essay sample

Modern dance is an expressive style of dance which originated in the early 1920s. It was created as a revolt against ballet, and it was also greatly influenced by Martha Graham. She was an American dancer who affected the development of Modern Dance by being the first person to develop a technique for the abstract art form. Her recognizable techniques were also incorporated into her influential choreography in which developed her new ways to produce beautiful performances.The Denishawn School of Dancing and Related Arts was the first dance school for Modern Dance, and the school Martha Graham attended. Attending this school was a good start for Graham because it influenced the development of her own technique, which made her the first person to develop a technique for Modern Dance. The technique developed was the ‘contract and release’ technique. The contraction section of this technique is done as the body pulls in at the torso as the legs, arms, and head pull toward the torso. We will write a custom essay sample on Martha Graham’s Influence in Modern Dance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then the torso straightens again to represent the release. This dancing method drastically inspired Modern Dance in the years of its development. Martha Graham’s choreography presented abstract movement, and it was usually influenced by societal issues. During the 1920s, America was recovering from the aftermath of World War 1, and the era of parties, carelessness, bootlegging, and The Great Depression was starting to arise. This was also the time Classical Dance began to gain popularity, however, it failed to portray any real meaning behind the movements. This then brought about the idea of Modern Dance. It was also a major influence for Martha Graham’s piece, Lamentation, which movements were choreographed to represent the feeling of grief. Not a woman in grief, rather a depiction of grief itself. Martha Graham used Modern Dance as an inspiration and as a way to portray her views on cultural issues. Martha Graham’s performances were authentic and original in the way she produced them. For example, unlike Classical dance which already has music written before the dance is choreographed, Graham would choreograph a piece and then music would be written to accompany the dancing. This truly highlighted the differences between Classical Dance and Modern Dance. This new concept expressed movements in the rawest, purest form, and it took a great part in influencing Modern Dance. Modern Dance’s development has been hugely influenced by Martha Graham’s introduction of techniques, her new ways of choreographing a dance, and through her ideas for new ways to produce performances. Martha Graham is The Mother of Modern Dance.

24 Simple Rules That Every Teacher Should Live By

24 Simple Rules That Every Teacher Should Live By One of the best things about teaching is that there is not an exact blueprint for success. In general, no two teachers are alike. Each has their own teaching style and classroom management routines. But while there is no blueprint for teaching, there is a certain code that teachers must live by if they want to be successful. The following list is a general set of rules that every teacher should live by. These rules encompass all facets of teaching, both inside and outside of the classroom.   Rules for Teachers Always do what you believe to be best for your students. They should always be your number one priority. Think, how does this benefit my students? If that question is difficult to answer, you may want to reconsider.Focus on establishing meaningful, cooperative relationships. Building strong relationships with your students, peers, administrators, and parents will ultimately make your job easier.Never bring your personal problems or issues into the classroom. Leave them at home. Your students should never know when something at home is bothering you.Be open and willing to learn at all times. Teaching is a journey that will provide many opportunities to learn. You should strive to improve your teaching each and every day, even when youve been in the classroom for years.Always be fair and consistent. Your students are always watching to make sure you are doing this. You will undermine your own authority if they believe you are playing favorites.Parents are the cornerstone of a great edu cation, and as such, teachers must do their part to engage even the most reluctant parents in the learning process. Provide plenty of opportunities for parents  to become involved  and encourage them to do so. A teacher must never put herself or himself  in a compromising situation. Teachers must always be aware of their situation and never allow themselves to be vulnerable. They must maintain self-control at all times, protecting themselves and their reputation.Respect the decisions of administrators and understand that they have many responsibilities.  Teachers must have a great working relationship with their administrator but respect the fact that their time is valuable.Take the time to get to know your students. Find out what they like to do and include their interests in your lessons. Establish a rapport and connection with them, and you will find that engaging them in your lessons becomes easier.Establish rules, expectations, and procedures beginning on the first day of school.  Hold your students accountable for their actions. You do not have to be a dictator, but you do need to be firm, fair, and consistent. Keep in mind that you are not there to be their friend. Your studen ts need to know that you are in always in charge. Always be willing to listen to others, including your students, and take their feedback into account. You can learn the most when you are willing to take the time to hear what others are saying. Be open-minded and willing to take their advice.Own your mistakes. Teachers are not perfect, and it doesnt help your students to pretend that you are. Instead, set the example by owning your mistakes and showing your students that mistakes can lead to learning opportunities.Work cooperatively with other teachers. Always be willing to take another teacher’s advice. Likewise, share your best practices with other teachers.Find time outside of school to decompress. Every teacher should have some sort of hobby or interest that can help them escape the daily grind of school.  Always be willing to adapt and change. Teaching is always changing. There is always something newer and better to try.  Try to embrace change instead of resisting it.Teachers must be flexible. Some of the best momen ts in teaching are born out of spontaneity. Take advantage of those teachable moments. Be willing to change your plans when another opportunity presents itself. Be your students’ biggest cheerleader. Never tell them that they cannot do something. Help them accomplish their goals by setting them on the correct path and nudging them in the right direction when they go astray.Protect your students at all cost. Always be aware of your surroundings and ensure that your students are safe and secure at all times. Practice safety procedures within your classroom at all times and never allow students to engage in reckless behavior.Take a cue from the boy scouts and always be prepared! Preparation may not necessarily guarantee success, but the lack of preparation will almost certainly ensure failure. Teachers must put in the necessary time to create meaningful lessons that engage students.Have fun! If you enjoy your work, your students will notice and they will have a more enjoyable experience as well.Never purposely embarrass or put down a student in front of their peers. If you need to discipline or correct a student, do so privately in the c onfines of the hallway or after class. As a teacher, you need your students to trust and respect you. Give your students a reason to do this. Go the extra mile when you can. A lot of teachers volunteer their time for things like tutoring struggling students or sponsor a group or activity. These small actions mean a lot to your students.Never fall behind in grading and recording. It can be an overwhelming and almost impossible endeavor to try and catch up. Instead, set a goal to grade and return every paper within a two- to three- day period. This not only makes your job easier but also provides students with more relevant and timely feedback.Always be aware of and adhere to local policies and procedures. If you are not sure about something, it is better to ask and be sure than it is to make a costly mistake. As a teacher, you are responsible for ensuring that your students are following them as well.

Management in Healthcare Organizations Term Paper

Management in Healthcare Organizations - Term Paper Example Modern evidence through research shows that using lean clinic design has the potential of improving the general productivity of a building. Using the Clearview Cancer Center in Huntsville, Alabama as an example, there is enough evidence to suggest that the design has led to improvement in patient flow as well as a reduction in the amount of time that it took patients to journey from one point within the clinic to the other to receive care (McKee, Figueras and Chenet, 1998). In effect, the Clearview Cancer Center in Huntsville is a clear evidence of how lean clinic design has increased patient throughput and ensured longevity for patients. It is against this background that the current proposal is being presented for the board’s consideration of implementing clean clinic design as has been recommended by the architect of The Fallon Clinic in Massachusetts. Improvement in Patient Flow When patients visit the clinic, they are expected to move from one point of service to the othe r. This is because at The Fallon Clinic in Massachusetts, there is currently not a centralized patient serving process that permits patients to receive integrated service at only one point of call. Patient flow therefore involves movement for services such as admission, confirmation of insurance card, checking in to the consulting room, taking prescription to the pharmacy, visiting the laboratory among others. In an emergency situation such length of flow, if not minimized can be highly threatening to the health of patients (Healy and McKee, 1997). Meanwhile with a lean clinic design, the benefit will be towards the reduction of time spent to and from one point of service to the other. There are two major ways by which the lean clinic design is assured to bring about the improvement in patient flow. In the first place, the design will ensure that service centers are brought close to each other and that there are connected services being taken from the same premises or room. The seco nd form will be to ensure that there is visibility with service points, where patients will not have to use meandering routes to find their ways to service points. Access to care and efficiency Clearly, as easily as patients are able to reach service providers in a real cut down in time frame, the next benefit that will be expected will be improved access to care. Generally, access to care involves the reception of health care when it is most needed (Kaser, 2007). This means that when a patient approaches the clinic and is severe need of a particular health care service, any condition that denies the care at the very urgent time that the service is needed hinders access to care. A typical example of access to care can be cited with a pregnant woman who comes to the clinic and is in labor. At that time, access to care should ensure that she receives the services of midwives who will ensure that there is an immediate safe delivery for her. If this pregnant woman does not receive this form of care but its left alone to go through labor by herself, any form of care that will come will not constitute access to care at the time she entered the clinic. Meanwhile with a lean clinic design in place, the type of free flow of patients and accessibility that employees are going to get, there is enough evidence that care will reach patients when it is most n

International Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

International Strategic Marketing - Essay Example ..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Mergers and acquisitions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Entering India through acquisitions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 Probable risks associated with acquisition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Recommended strategies to combat the issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..19 Introduction With levels of globalization soaring high, every company is now trying to enter into different markets to increase its scope and reach out to a higher number of customers worldwide. This paper aims at taking the example of one such national company and identifying the best market entry method. The company selected here for the purpose of international strategy analysis is UK clothing giant- Primark. The selection of Primark is based on certain grounds. First of all, the industry which it operates in is fast booming across the world and capturing the most attention in terms of eased entry norms and regulatory frameworks by developing nations. Secondly, the history of Primark encourages to study its international disposition till date and to apply it further in the context of a well planned future strategic plan. It ha d embarked upon organic growth in its home country Ireland but resorted to acquisitions when entering into UK. This makes Primark worth analysis and correlates its current foreign entry strategies with that of future plans and identifies strengths and possible gaps and suggests ways to mitigate them. The paper firstly begins with an overview of the company. Here the main aim is to identify what the company deals with and to identify the potential markets for the company. This is then followed by the potential markets that the company can choose to enter into. Here once this has been identified, details of the best market entry method are then discussed. As in the case of any market entry method, there are a number of possible issues that will be encountered. Hence these issues and problems are further discussed along with providing strategies to overcome these issues and problems. On the whole the paper will detail a market entry plan for a company. The chosen company here is Primar k. Firstly it is crucial to gain a clear overview of the company. Overview of company History Primark was started way back in 1969 under the name of Penneys in Ireland. The company has worked its way up and has been able to be known for its continuing success. The company has grown from a simple first store Penneys in Ireland to the latest flagship store in Liverpool. The company showed immense success in the

UK Foreign Holiday Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

UK Foreign Holiday Market - Essay Example In the past few years, this market has grown at a modest rate of over 4% annually, with the significant consumer-groups in the market being families, youth, and the over-50 age group. However, the effects of global recession on this market are now gradually becoming evident. The demand for foreign holidays fell by around 15% in January, 2009 alone as the credit crunch tightened its grip on the UK economy (Devine, D 2009). A lack of consumer confidence and rising fuel prices have also recently added in, further dampening the demand. In addition, the unpredictability of British weather due to global warming, and a failure on the part of UK holiday-resorts to match services in terms of price and quality with that of their foreign competitors (Research and Markets 2007) have lowered the demand for UK holidays by foreign tourists. The overall effect is that the demand-curve for the market has shifted leftwards. Other factors like the threat of terrorism, war, and natural disasters in current years have also contributed to the left-shift of the curve, thereby resulting in lesser quantity being demanded at a lesser price in the market. However, the economic gloom does have a bright side for this market. The airline industry has been badly hit by the crunch due to which almost all air-fares have been dramatically reduced. Consequently, consumers are able to book cheap flights to almost anywhere in the world, and the overall package cost of foreign holidays has decreased. There has been an increase in demand for trips to Spain and Mediterranean shores - which surveys have pointed out as favourite holiday destinations - by the British (Holiday Watchdog 2008). This reduction in total price of the product has resulted in a downward movement of the market equilibrium point along the demand-curve. Moreover, cheaper flights also mean that UK has become more available internationally to foreign tourists, since they can now afford air-travel for leisure purposes. The fierce competition between Airbus and Boeing has created an over-capacity of aircraft, and is expected to result in an explosion of discount carriers offering flights at affordable prices. Thus, there has been an increase in the quantity demanded. The ocean cruise market, which is a complement of the overseas holiday market, is expected to reach 1.5 million annual passengers by the year 2010 (Travel Weekly 2005). This high growth prediction means that its complements (like the foreign holiday market) will also consequently grow. Also, surveys by the Confederation of Public Transport have shown that a very high priority is attached by British to the annual holiday as an item of family expenditure due to changes in consumer attitude and lifestyle over modern times (Scottish Tourist Board, et al 2006). Thus, the economic downturn has not put off the British from taking foreign holidays. On the contrary, the current poor weather in the UK has helped the tourism industry by encouraging even more people to go abroad for the summer, particularly to places that "offer consistently good weather" (Property Wire 2008). Infact, psychologically speaking, the British are more eager than ever to go on a holiday in this potentially depressing situation since one way they believe "to escape the current economic gloom is to take a foreign holiday" (Property Wire 2008). Being now considered as an annual necessity rather than a luxury, the

The Age Of Refrigeration Environmental Sciences Essay

The Age Of Refrigeration Environmental Sciences Essay The ozone depletion potential is the ability of gases to degrade ozone if released into the atmosphere, and is compared against the value for CFC-11 (CCl3F), which was chosen to be 1. The halocarbon global warming potential, or greenhouse warming potential of a gas, is a calculation of how strongly the release of a certain quantity of that gas would contribute to global warming, via the greenhouse effect. Once again, it is compared against the value for CFC-11 (CCl3F), which has the value of 1. HFC-134a (1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluroethane, CF3CH2F), a widely used refrigerant, is more environmentally suitable than many other possible refrigerants. Firstly, its ozone depletion potential (ODP) is completely nonexistent, meaning that the release of HFC-134a into the atmosphere would not damage any more of the ozone layer. This is superior to many other proposed replacements to CFC-11, which often feature greatly lowered ODP, rather than zero ODP. HFC-134a also has a reduced halocarbon global warming potential (HGWP) of 0.25, a quarter of CFC-11s value. HFC-134a is not the lowest in this value, however. Some other possible refrigerants, such as ammonia and iso-butane (C4H10) have incredibly low, almost non-existent HGWP values. However, both of these gases (especially ammonia) can be considered toxic to humans, and both are flammable, leaving them liable to explosion from a spark if they were to leak from a refrigeration unit. Because of this, HFC-134a is therefore a more suitable modern refrigerant for domestic use. (Website 1) Q1ii) CCl2=CHCl, or trichloroethylene, can be converted to HFC-134a (also called R-134a) by carrying out several reactions in sequence. In the first part of the reaction, CCl2=CHCl is reacted with hydrogen fluoride (HF) to produce CCl2F CH2Cl. In the second part of the reaction, the CCl2F CH2Cl is reacted with 2HF to form CF3 CH2Cl, and then with another HF to created the HFC-134a (CF3=CH2F). This whole reaction process is shown in full below In order for HFC-134as usage to become widespread, its conversion from trichloroethene through industrial means needed not only to be feasible, but both cost and time effective as well. Firstly, the reaction process takes place within two separate chambers. One of the chambers is where the reaction products can be separated, allowing the HFC-134a to be isolated from dangerous, or otherwise unwanted products. The other chamber deals with recycling the trichloroethylene (CCl2=CHCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) used within the reaction, so they can be reused within subsequent reactions. This helps to make the HFC-134a conversion process more cost effective. A fluorination catalyst is also used in the reaction process, helping to make the conversion more feasible and time efficient. The conversion process also takes place at high temperatures (up to 400oC) and at super-atmospheric pressure to further ensure that it operates both cost and time effectively. (Website 1) Q2i) According to the research published in the article Regulating To Reduce Emissions Of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases from the Journal of fluorine chemistry, the chemical compounds which contribute the most to global warming are, in order: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), the ozone depleting substances (CFCs HCFCs), and then the fluorinated greenhouse gases, namely hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) Carbon dioxide (CO2), the gas most contributive to global warming, is a small atmospheric molecule that is a key component of our atmosphere as it is used in the carbon cycle of plants. Of all of the contributing gases, CO2 has the lowest global warming potential (GWP). However, due to the incredibly high production and release of the gas into the atmosphere, CO2 is still the leading cause of global warming. Methane (CH4) is another simple chemical structure, and is the main component of natural gas. Like CO2 it has a relatively low GWP, but is a major contributing factor to global warming due the large amounts of the gas released into the atmosphere. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is an oxide of nitrogen, more commonly called laughing gas that is used for both anaesthesia and for its oxidizing effects. N2Os GWP is higher than methane and carbon dioxide, but its level of emissions is also much lower The ozone depleting substances, namely HCFCs CFCs, were incredibly common in the early days of domestic refrigeration, as they were non flammable, non toxic and inexpensive. They were quickly phased out from general use, however, when it was discovered that they had an extremely detrimental impact on the ozone layer. They also contribute to global warming, and though they were largely replaced by the use of other gases such as HCFs, they still contribute significantly to global warming. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are chemically similar to CFCs, but do not share their ozone destroying effects. As a result of this similarity and due to the inert nature of HFCs (non-flammable non-toxic in almost all cases) they are widely used as replacements for CFCs in a variety of domestic appliances and products. However, HFCs feature considerable global warming potentials (GWPs), making them a key contributor to global warming. Compound Compound Emissions (million tonnes) Global Warming Potential (100 year vs. CO2) GWP emissions (million tonnes CO2e) Percentage contribution to global warming (%) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 30800.00 1 30800 65.4 Methane (CH4) 350.00 21 7350 15.6 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 11.00 310 3410 7.2 Ozone Depleting Substances (CFCs HCFCs) 0.60 8100 4860 10.3 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 0.14 2800 392 0.8 Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 0.02 6500 130 0.3 Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 0.01 23900 143 0.3 Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrocarbon derivatives, are another set of environmentally damaging compounds, especially when they are saturated and within the C1-C6 range. They are useful compounds in the electronics industry, though it is an aim that their usage is kept to the absolute minimum and only when no other compound would perform the desired function in their place. Like HFCs, they have a lower level of emissions, but a high GWP Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a technically diverse gas, useful for a diverse range of applications, but most commonly used as a dielectric gas in situations involving high voltages because of its dielectric strength and constant, its properties for arc (spark gap)-quenching and its suitability for use in transferring heat. Its level of emissions may be the lowest of all contributing gases, but its GWP is by far the highest. (Lindley, 2005) Emission values for these key compounds, and their percentage contributions to global warming, are shown in the table below. Table 1: Greenhouse gas emissions in the year 2000 [Adapted from table 1 (Lindley, 2005)] The relative dangers of certain molecules, in regards to global warming, can also be assessed via radiative forcing. Radiative forcing is the effects of the heat energy produced by solar rays being held within the atmosphere (most crucially between the lowest part of the atmosphere [troposphere] and the stratosphere) of earth, rather than escaping out into space. This effect is made worse by the over abundance of certain gases in this section of the atmosphere. Therefore, measuring the radiative forcing effects of certain gases can, in turn, help work out how much of an effect that molecule is having on global warming. A figure, showing the extent of radiative forcing effects for different gases is shown. Figure 1 (right): estimated radiative forcing effects of key gases from 1990-2015 [Figure 1 from (Lindley, 2005)] It is clear from the results shown that in order for the effects of global warming to be lessened, reduction in the emissions of these key contributing compounds would need to be carried out. Most crucially, the emissions of CO2 would need to be lessened, as it has the highest percentage contribution to global warming, as well as the largest radiative forcing value. The radiative forcing values for ozone depleting substances are also very large, but as these are being phased out and replaced by the fluorinated greenhouse gases (HFCs, PFCs. SF6), they are less of a concern. (Lindley, 2005) Q2ii) F-Gas regulation is a proposal designed to keep the usage of hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons under stricter control, so that their emission levels do not contribute any more significantly to global warming. This will be achieved through a variety of means, including: improved containment of gases, reduced and restricted gas usage and putting requirements on how these gases are destroyed. In some cases, a ban may even be placed on a certain gas, preventing it from being used for specific functions. Furthermore businesses that use produce or sell f-gases are required to disclose what quantities of F-gas they are using, creating and supplying respectively. In addition to this, those involved with F-gases will be trained on how to safely handle the gases and prevent any unnecessary leaks, and any significant use of F-gases must be labelled as such. These measures all serve the purpose of limiting the amount of fluorinated greenhouse gases that are leaked into the atmosphere, keep ing the percentage contribution of fluorinated greenhouse gases to global warming as low as possible. (Lindley, 2005) In accordance with these regulations, industrial refrigeration systems are now to be inspected on a regular basis. Details on these new procedures is found in the table below Table 2: Inspection schedules for refrigeration units of different capacities [Adapted from table 2 (Lindley, 2005)] Quantity of F-Gas in Refrigeration System Inspection Frequency (With No Leak Detection) Inspection frequency (With Leak Detection) Containing up to 30 kg (excluding airtight systems which contain less than 6kg) Once every 12 months Installation not required Containing up to 300kg Once every 6 months Installation not required (Presence of install halves inspection frequency) Containing more than 300kg Once every 3 months Installation mandatory (Presence of install halves inspection frequency) [Note: In the event of a leak, the system must undergo reinspection 1 month after the leak has been fixed] Also, the F-gas regulation stipulates that certain refrigeration applications must be banned completely. Details on those affected applications are shown in the table below. Table 3: Banned refrigeration applicants under F-gas regulation [Adapted from table 3 (Lindley, 2005)] Type of Gas Prohibited Usage Date of prohibition Fluorinated greenhouse gases Non-refillable containers Start of F-Gas Regulations Fluorinated greenhouse gases Windows for domestic use Start of F-Gas Regulations Fluorinated greenhouse gases Other windows One year after the Start of F-Gas Regulations Fluorinated greenhouse gases Footwear 1 July 2006 Fluorinated greenhouse gases Tyres Start of F-Gas Regulations Fluorinated greenhouse gases One component foams One year after the Start of F-Gas Regulations (except when required to meet national safety standards Hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons Refrigerants in non-confined direct-evaporation systems Start of F-Gas Regulations Perfluorocarbons Fire protection systems and fire extinguishers Start of F-Gas Regulations Hydrofluorocarbons Novelty aerosols Two years after the Start of F-Gas Regulations Q2iii) F-Gas regulations put restrictions on the many uses of fluorinated gases. One such restriction is that of HFC-134a in mobile air-conditioning units, such as those used in cars. The popularity of air-conditioning in cars has been rising steadily since the early 1990s, such that now over 80% of cars in Europe have this feature installed. While the HFC-134a system is much more efficient than the earlier CFC systems, using less than half of the 1.5kgs of gas that they used, and further research was being carried out in order to make more efficient systems, the EU has still decided to prohibit their future usage, having the use of the gas gradually phased out until 2017 when its usage is completely banned. This will have a considerable effect on the HFC134a industry as its usage in cars and other similar transport makes up a considerable part of their market. In turn, car manufacturers will have to develop new air-conditioning systems in cars, and this will drive up the cost of newer car models to counter development costs. (Lindley, 2005) 3) Ever since the realisation of mankinds negative impact on the environment, preventative measures have been put in place to try and reverse them, and several different pieces of legislation help to ensure that this is the case. The Montreal protocol, which banned the usage of CFCs and HCFCs, was created to help protect the ozone layer from further harm. In this regard, the protocol can be considered a success. Levels of ozone damaging gases in the atmosphere have been steadily falling, and it is estimated that the ozone layer could have repaired itself as early as 2050 (WMO, 2006). However, the replacement of CFCs and HCFCs with fluorinate gases to combat the destruction of the ozone layer lead to more environmental concerns, namely that these fluorinated greenhouse gases were making a significant impact on global warming. While the impact of these gases on global warming may be less than that of some other greenhouse gases (namely CO2) their effects are still considerable, and several pieces of legislation have been set up to try and decrease their usage. Firstly, the Kyoto protocol listed several fluorinated greenhouse gases, including HFCs, PFCs and SF6, along with CO2, CH4 and N2O, as gases that must have their levels of emissions decreased. The F-Gas regulation, making reference to the Kyoto protocol, set regulations on the usage of the HFCs and PFCs, helping to reduce their prevalence in society. Despite this, global warming problems continue to rise, thanks to increasing atmospheric levels of CO2. As long as CO2 is so prevalent in the atmosphere, reducin g the effects of comparatively less harmful fluorinated gases through legislation can only do so much in helping to combat the rising problems of global warming (Lindley, 2005 Website 2)

Hispanic Diversity in the United States :: Immigration Latino Hispanic Immigrants

The Hispanic diversity of the United States has been well documented in immigration and population numbers for many years. In 1994, there were 26.4 million Hispanic Americans living in the Continental United States.In 2005 that number had ballooned to over 35 million.Now in 2008 the number is over 45 million people.(US Census 2008) The four main groups of Hispanic citizens are the people from Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico and Central America.Our Hispanic population has given the United States many contributions to politics, economics, family traditions and bilingual advancement in the world. Mexican Americans, probably our best known and documented immigrated citizen to The United States has made great strides in developing our culture and adding Rich history to our country.Economic contributions cannot be overlooked,while being one of the least educated groups and most economic disadvantaged groups Mexican Americans are a key attribute to our economy by continuing to participate In great numbers in the workforce in pursuit of their part of the American dream. Mexican Americans are excellent contributors to politics as well. Cesar Estrada Chavez Founded and led the first successful farm workers' union in U.S. history.This was aimed at fair wages for worker to avoid the poverty he was forced to endure as a young man Federico Pena Was the first Mexican American to head the Department of transportation.

Golden Age of Poverty Reduction Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The presentation of the article related to poverty reduction does not seem too optimistic whether the global aim was actually achieved. Basically, the main argument is that poverty reduction provides only the rate of presented resolutions to alleviate the problem. However, the real figures of people under poverty are not really reflected. As time forwarded from the late 19th century up to the present, there was an actual development of social welfare services especially in the health care sector. This prompted world populations to increase and obtain extended life expectancies. But the issue of disparity between the rich and the poor was not really reduced but worsened. The main factor to blame is the capitalists’ attitude towards profitability. They fuel growth in economies but also become the catalyst for the social inequalities to expand. To summarize the main argument, general poverty incidences could have been reduced more if economic inequality had not worsened (The Free Library, 2006). References The Free Library. 2006. Today’s golden age of poverty reduction: the story the World Bank and other agencies don’t want you to know. International Economic Publications. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Todays+golden+age+of+poverty+reduction:+the+story+the+world+bank+and+†¦-a0146175404

Islamic Mullah

Islamic Mullah Mullah is the name given  to teachers or scholars of Islamic learning or the leaders of mosques. The term is usually a mark of respect but can also be used in a derogatory manner and is primarily used in Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia. In Arabic-speaking lands, an Islamic cleric is called an imam or Shayk  instead. Mullah is derived from the Arabic term mawla, which means master or the one in charge. Throughout Southern Asias history, these rulers of Arabic descent have led cultural revolutions and religious war alike. However, a mullah is general a local Islamic leader, although sometimes they rise to national prominence. Usage in Modern Culture Most often, Mullah refers to Islamic scholars well-versed in the sacred law of the Quran, however, in  Central  and  East Asia, the term mullah is used on a local level to refer to mosque leaders and scholars as a sign of respect.   Iran is a unique case in that it uses the term in a pejorative manner, referring to low-level clerics as mullahs because the term derives from Shiite  Islam wherein the Quran casually mentions mullah multiple times throughout its pages while Shia Islam is the dominant religion of the country. Instead, clergymen and religious leaders use alternative terms to refer to their most respected members of the faith.   In most senses, though, the term has disappeared from modern usage except to mock those who are overly devout in their religious pursuits - a sort of insult for reading the Quran too much and assuming oneself the Mullah referred to in the sacred text. Respected Scholars Still, there is some respect behind the name mullah - at least for those who regard those well versed in religious texts as mullahs. In these cases, the astute scholar must have a firm understanding of all things Islam - especially as it pertains to the contemporary society wherein the hadith (traditions) and fiqh (law) are equally important. Oftentimes, those considered to be mullah will have memorized the Quran and all of its important teachings and lessons - though often times throughout history uneducated common folk would misname visiting clerics mullahs because of their vast knowledge (comparatively) of the religion. Mullahs can also be considered teachers and political leaders. As teachers, mullahs share their knowledge of religious texts in schools called madrasas in matters of Shariah law. They have also served in positions of power, such as the case with Iran after the Islamic State took control in 1979. In Syria, Mullahs play an important role in the ongoing conflict between rival Islamic groups and foreign adversaries alike, valuing the protection of Islamic law while staving off Islamic extremists and attempting to restore democracy or civilized form of government to the war-torn nation.

Horror movie Essays

Horror movie Essays Horror movie Paper Horror movie Paper Essay Topic: Film * Usually, horror movies are set at night or in the dark as this is usually when people feel the most insecure which relates to the audiences real life * Horror movies almost always contain a scene that makes the audience jump. The audience are intrigued by this as it makes them feel tense, as the situation builds up but therefore encourages the audience to read on * Some typical slasher movies may contain some sort of mystery which leads the audience to question who is or are the potential villains within the plot. This is used to interest the audience, and to encourage them to watch until the end to find out who caused all of the horror within the story. * Every horror movie needs to contain a victim and a villain. Villains can be anything from monsters, aliens, vampires, or just your average everyday people. Although, usually the victims within a story are women as they are known to be some of the most vulnerable people. This adds success to horror movies as young women watching the movie are going to be encouraged to find the movie scarier as they may imagine themselves to be in the same situation. * Modern horror movies contain many special effects in order to make the movie more realistic to the human eye, and therefore making it again scarier for the audience to watch as they picture themselves within the same situation * Some horror movies however, leave some of the special effects to the imagination. For example, the movie The human centipede displays across the idea to the reader of a messed up surgeon having a sick fantasy of creating a human centipede. The actual creation of this isnt shown within the movie and is infact left to the audiences imagination. This encourages the reader to be interested to watch the film as they are given the chance to make their own assumptions about how everything happened within the film, and then are then lead to potentially more awful thoughts. * Music plays an extremely big part in the creation of horror movies. Especially tense music that gets louder over time as this creates suspense within the movie and leaves the audience on the edge of their seats. Usually, tense music is used in order to build up to a scene that either shocks or makes the audience jump. By letting the audience become aware of the fact that the film may make them jump this weirdly makes them want to carry on and watch the movie. * Gore and violence are commonly used within horror movies as it is not something that humans typically want to come across in their life time, and this adds to the shock of the whole horror movie genre. * A lot of more modern horror movies carry a physiological sense which provides the audience with a false sense of security. For example, the movie Physco shows a woman in a shower, which is usually a place where a woman would typically feel safe, but this security is taken away from her as she is stabbed to death within her shower. This shocks audiences, and encourages them to be scared that this may potentially happen to them. Movies like this may stick in humans minds after watching the movie, and even scare them afterwards when they are in the same situation. Within our horror movie Santas Sack we have mainly used the physiological aspect of the horror movie genre. The fact that the movie will contain a killer Santa Claus who acts on Christmas Eve will shock the audience as this is typically known as a happy time for most humans. This provides the audience with a false sense of security of Christmas time, and will intrigue them to watch what happens. The movie will also be set at night, which is a typically know place for horror movies to be set as this is however somewhere where humans typically dont feel safe. An example of another horror movie which uses the aspect of a false sense of security is The Grudge. This movie uses places such as someones bed to place someones murder, which is usually a place where a person would feel safe. Therefore, taking away the safe aspect of the persons bed. We have decided to choose a little girl named Molly to play the victim within our short horror movie as this is a typically know generic horror movie convention. Molly will be displayed to be your typical sweet gullible little girl who is let in for a shock when she realises Santa Claus isnt who she expected. Also, the fact that the little girl is going to be murdered will shock the audience, and intrigue the audience into watching the rest of the film. The generic convention of a false sense of security will then be used later on in the film when the movie plays on the song Santa Claus is coming to town. Earlier on in the movie, Molly and her little brother Max will be shown to be singing the song cheerfully whilst decorating the Christmas tree. Later on, when Molly is displayed to be dying she sings the song in a slow and daunting way with the words altered which will intend to creep the audience out. This is also a false sense of security as the song is a well known happy song that represents Christmas time around the world. The slow pace that Molly is going to sing the song as may also stick in the audiences mind and make the movie have a lasting impression which shocks the audience. The end of the movie will be left to the audiences imagination as we are not actually going to display what happens to the character of Molly. This will leave the ending to the audiences imagination and will encourage them to think of more sick and vile thoughts that could have actually been created, which will create a bigger effect on the audience. This is also a typically known generic horror movie convention that is used widely throughout horror movies.

Chinese and Western Landscape painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese and Western Landscape painting - Essay Example The painting offers a unique feature that makes it one of the greatest surviving masterpieces not just in China but throughout the artistic world. The significance of this painting is reflected in the time taken to finish it. The landscape painting had emerged into an autonomous genre that clearly embodied the nature longing of cultivated persons to escape quotidian world to commune with the universe. The Lackawanna Valley is in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. the artist inclusion of various tree stumps in the in his work foreground makes the piece of work unique, The painting exemplifies a significant philosophical dilemma that many Americans were tackling in the 1850s; Growth inevitably demanded the widespread destruction of nature which was not spoiled. My final comment to this piece of art is the effective use of muted colors experience also known as (Tonalism). This makes the paint a unique master piece and a reflective of the era that is such i mportant in the history of American civilization. From these and other observations, I came to a conclusion this work would be associated to the theme of westward expansion and its effects. Both landscape painters from the West and China have embedded their emotion and personal feelings towards the image as opposed to shallow depiction or appearance of the object. Nonetheless, most of the landscape painting from the west like this one in particular is largely affected by faith of Christian religion.